European alternatives to Messenger

Secure collaboration platform with end-to-end encryption and European data residency.

Fully encrypted, Swiss-based secure messaging app with a focus on privacy and minimal data collection.

Element is a secure, decentralized communication and collaboration tool.

Telegram is a cloud-based mobile and desktop messaging app with a focus on security and speed.

End-to-end encrypted messaging application with a strong focus on privacy. While US-based organization, servers are distributed including in EU.